A wealth of literature has shed light on religious, philosophical, scientific and medical concepts of extraordinary bodies, wonders and monsters in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park have been tremendously influential with their Wonders and the order of nature (1998) and in many ways contributed to our understanding of emotions and the monstrous before 1750. One of their suggestions is that there was no enlightenment, disenchantment, or clear pattern of naturalization, of monsters in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Monstrous births were explained by natural causes, such as a narrow womb or an excess of seed, already by medieval writers whereas they could still be read as divine signs in the late seventeenth century. No linear story took monsters from an older religious framework to a newer naturalistic one or from prodigies to wonders to naturalized objects. Wonders eventually lost their position as cherished elements in European elite culture but that had nothing to do with secularization, the “rise of science”, or some triumph of rational thinking. Rather, the emergence of strict norms and absolute regularity, both of nature’s customs and God’s rules, is a better description of this shift. Nature’s habits hardened into inviolable laws in the late seventeenth century and Daston and Park picture “the subordination of anomalies to watertight natural laws, of nature to God, and of citizens and Christians to established authority”. Monsters became, in an anatomical framework, compared to normal bodies and regarded as organisms that had failed to achieve their perfect final form. Their value now depended, not as it had earlier on their rarity or singularity, but on the body’s capacity to reveal still more rigid regularities in nature.
The history of monsters as submitted to strict norms in early modern nature is intriguing and a number of questions can be raised. Had all bodies by 1750 become part of a regularized nature or can monsters still be found in science in the late eighteenth century? What else do we know about normalizing processes in the early modern period? In the field of the deviant, has there been a general shift from natural rules to moral orders, from bodies to behavior? What other aspects of extraordinary bodies are there that can help us frame early modern nature and culture, to grasp its orders and disorders?
The purpose of this workshop is to bring together scholars from different fields to discuss current research on extraordinary bodies and monsters in natural history, medicine, law, religion, philosophy, and travel literature in the early modern period. It will comprise of an invited talk, paper presentations and a concluding general discussion.
We especially welcome research relating to topics such as:
- Concepts of monsters in natural philosophy/history and medicine
- Transgressions – species, individuals, elements, life and death
- Anatomy, embryology and obstetrics
- Bodies, signs and religion
- The visual culture of the extraordinary body
- Physical deviances and the law
- Normalization and medicalization
- Collections of wonders and curiosities
- Classification
- Moral and natural rules and orders
- Embryos in medical research and education
- Linnaeus, wonders and paradoxes of nature
- Travel and the meaning of distant and exotic bodies
- The politics of monster history
Abstracts for papers of 200-300 words should be submitted no later than June 1, 2017 to Helena Franzén: helena.franzen@idehist.uu.se
Please provide your full name, institutional affiliation, and contact details. The format of the workshop will not allow for more than c. 10 papers. We will select the abstracts to be presented at the meeting considering original research and relevance to the theme of the workshop. By June 15, 2017 applicants will be notified if their papers have been accepted or not.
The workshop will be two full days, i.e. morning to late afternoon October 26–27, 2017.
Registration, lunches, conference dinner and accommodation (two nights at the conference hotel) are free of charge for participants presenting papers. It will also be possible to obtain limited economic support for travel expenses. Please indicate in the application if such support is required for attendance and what level of support is needed.
There are a few places available for additional participants. The deadline for such applications is also June 1, 2017. For those interested, please indicate your reasons for wanting to take part in the conference. No economic support will be given to attendees who do not present papers.
The conference language is English.
This workshop is organized by the research programme “Medicine at the Borders of Life: Fetal Research and the Emergence of Ethical Controversy”, funded by the Swedish Research Council and hosted by the Department of History of Science and Ideas at Uppsala University.
Maja Bondestam, Uppsala University
